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Metaphor analysis is a way of obtaining understanding of a text by identifying and analysing the metaphors used in it. Metaphor analysis, as usually described, uses the researcher's intuition as a means of identifying the metaphors. MIP, the Metaphor Identification Procedure, uses a more valid and repeatable way of finding the metaphors. MIP may be applied in a way that will produce a quantitative or qualitative result. As a result, the application of MIP links quantitative and qualitative research and their results through one method of identifying the metaphors.

PurposeThis paper conceptualises how managers psychologically experience and respond to crises via metaphor analysis.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses a discourse dynamics approach to metaphor analysis. Conceptual metaphors were analysed and developed into concept maps through 37 semi-structured interviews with senior managers from different portfolios within 16 public universities in South Africa after #FeesMustFall protests.FindingsFive domains emerged, including (1) looming crisis, (2) crisis onset, (3) crisis triage and containment, (4) (not) taking action and (5) post-crisis reflection. These domains shape a framework for the crisis adaptation cycle.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that organisations should pay more attention to understanding emotions in crises and can use the adaptation model to develop their managers. It shows how metaphors can help explain affective and cognitive experiences and how emotions shift and evolve during a crisis. Managers should be aware of early signs of the crisis and its potential impact on their business operation in the looming and recognition stages, analyse the situation and work collectively on possible actions to minimise losses and maximise gains.Originality/valueThis is a rare investigation into the emotions of senior managers in the public sector in a social movement and national crisis via unconventional research methods to advance cognitive appraisal theory in crisis management.

In this paper, we explore the use of a generative metaphor for analyzing qualitative interviews on abortion attitudes. U.S. abortion attitudes are notably complex and multidimensional, thus, requiring subtle, complex, and multidimensional tools of study. We used the generative metaphor of a "doorway" as an analytic tool to enable new understandings of abortion attitudes as expressed across 24 one-on-one semi-structured qualitative interviews with U.S. adults. The doorway metaphor gave us an understanding of the ways in which participants thought of their abortion attitudes as open to revision or change to some degree while also being closed to revision in other ways. This spectrum of openness and closedness does not come into view when examining abortion attitudes through the dichotomous framings. In this methodological paper, we thoroughly describe how we used the metaphor to explicate the complexities and multi-dimensionalities of a person's abortion attitudes.

Questionnaires that involved projective drawings and metaphor by
asking respondents to draw an image and name an animal representing
their organisation and department were completed by managers in two
corporate firms. The procedure produced consistent, interpretable
results suggesting the methodology′s usefulness in analysing an
organisation′s culture.

George Lakoff and Mark Johnsons theory of metaphor (1980, 1999) provides a basis for describing everyday cognitive structures using linguistic models and thus, making it possible to uncover both individual and collective patterns of thought and action. Lakoff and Johnson have not, however, developed a workable system for carrying out qualitative research. This paper outlines the fundamentals of this approach and proposes a procedure for the reconstruction of metaphorical concepts. As is normally the case in qualitative research, such guidelines can only ever represent the interplay between the ability of the researcher to understand the sense of things and the rules of the methodology. An overview of the typical interpretations that a metaphor analysis allows is also given.

Andreas Musolff's Political Metaphor Analysis: Discourse and
Scenarios makes a valuable contribution to the study of political
metaphors. The book raises important questions about the significance of political
metaphors in shaping and constructing political ideologies. Using empirical analyses
from a large corpus, the book presents an innovative scenario-oriented approach to
the topic. This approach is proposed and tested against the uses of four major
political metaphors that have been debated publically, i.e. the depiction of
politics and political entities in terms of war, family, body, and
person. Over the course of its nine chapters, the book draws insights
not only from both Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and Critical Discourse Analysis
(CDA), but further extends its analyses to a consideration of the
discourse-historical dimension of metaphors. Musolff starts with a short
introduction in Chapter One where he presents the aims and main focus of his
book.

Die Beschäftigung mit Metaphern ist ein klassisches Thema der Linguistik, das jedoch bisher in der Psychologie mit wenigen Ausnahmen keine Beachtung gefunden hat. In diesem Beitrag wird die Analyse von Metaphern, – so wie Metaphern in neueren Ansätzen der Kognitiven Linguistik verstanden werden – aus mehreren Gründen als qualitative Forschungsmethode für die Psychologie vorgeschlagen. Zum einen sind Metaphern sozial und kulturell definiert, gleichzeitig ist die Verwendung von Metaphern jedoch eine grundlegende kognitive Strategie und ein Beispiel für analoges Problemlösen. Metaphern sind kontextabhängig, gleichzeitig repräsentieren Metaphern aber abstrakte Modelle der Wirklichkeit und entsprechen damit weitgehend dem Verständnis von mentalen Modellen und Schemata in der kognitiven Psychologie. Diese vielschichtigen Eigenschaften von Metaphern ermöglichen die Untersuchung der Mikrointeraktionen von Kultur und Kognition in offenen und qualitativen Forschungsansätzen. Ebenso ermöglicht die Analyse von Metaphern eine Verbindung von quantitativ-experimentellen und qualitativen Ansätzen in der Psychologie. Die hohe Plausibilität von Metaphern in der alltäglichen Erfahrung macht die Metaphernanalyse zudem zu einem geeigneten Medium für Interventionen in angewandten Forschungsfeldern wie beispielsweise der Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie.

Recently there has been an increasing number of studies on the construction of gender based on metaphors (KOLLER, 2004a, 2004b, 2005; ANDERSON VASBY & HORN SHEELER, 2005; EBELING & SCHMITZ, 2006; BOCK VON WÜLFINGEN, 2007). Many of these studies seem to have overlooked one of the most thoroughly developed theories of metaphor, LAKOFF and JOHNSON's so-called cognitive theory of metaphor or limited themselves to LAKOFF and JOHNSON's first book from 1980. In this article I explore current research on metaphor and gender and sketch the central topics of the cognitive theory of metaphor and develop a revision of this theory. It is hoped that this will enhance further research in metaphor analysis concerning the construction of gender.

The aim of this study is to examine democracy perception of classroom teachers via metaphor analysis. Study group for research is formed of 253 classroom teachers. "Democracy Metaphors Questionnaire" (DMQ) has been used in collecting data. Content analysis has been used on analysis of qualitative data of research and descriptive statistics have been used on quantitative data. The metaphors that teachers developed with a total 122 metaphor different from one another about democracy are gathered under "Indispensability", "Equality", "Social Order", "Freedom", "Endeavour", "Power", "Variety", "Progression", "Conservation", "Personal Gains" and "Nothingness". While first three themes under which women teachers gathered being indispensability, equality and endeavour metaphors, men teachers are gathered under indispensability, social order and freedom metaphors. Family environment and upbringing, relations with friends, culture of social environment, political activities in society and news in media tools have been the effective factors in forming democracy perception that the teachers possess. © 2018 Eurasian Society of Educational Research. All rights reserved. ; Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit: SYL-2015-3829 ; This study was supported by Cukurova University Scientific Research Projects (project number: SYL-2015-3829).